International Economic Policy in Times of Crisis Essay

Governments face all kinds of crises every day, the approaches may be different but the goal is always the same—maintain stability. While, wars and crimes against humanity tend to take a toll on the population, infrastructure and terrain quite literally, financial crises can psychologically cripple a country. There’s something about a financial crisis that conjures a level of panic that could rival the outbreak of a deadly disease. Maybe this is caused by a lack of visible end, as it seems the light at the end of the tunnel is only made clear at the end of the crisis. Even with examples from history to refer to, each financial crisis seems to take on a version all its own like a new strain of a deadly virus. The government tries to†¦show more content†¦The Austrian School, support free market but believe there are too many variables and the shifts in equilibrium occur too quickly to rely on models instead use logical deduction based on fundamental axioms (). Mo netarists believe that the emphasis should be on the role of governments in controlling the money supply (). Keynesian economics and its modern variations remains a common school of thought in the U.S. that focuses on analyzing macroeconomic elements in the short term using models (). The protectionist inclined schools, like the American School and at times the Austrian School, prefer to use import tariffs and/or industry subsidies to calm the economy (). While, believers in free trade, like the Keynesian School and Monetarists, are partial to adjusting interest rates and fiscal stimulus in order to restore the economy. The Great Depression of the 1930s is often used today as a point of reference to learn from failed protectionist policies. Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929 marks the horrifying beginning to the Great Depression with the most devastating collapse in the stock market until the recent crisis. The U.S. government passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 in reaction to the financial crisis. The act raised tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to the second highest levels in AmericanShow MoreRelatedModern Egyptian Economy1526 Words   |  6 Pageswitnessing a series of economic and political reforms since the beginning of the 21st century. Starting from post-Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s era in 1990 several economic reforms and monetary policies have been implemented by the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) and other economic institutions. The economic reforms started by the Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Programme (ERSAP), offered by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in 1991 wit h the aim of amending the economic imbalance of demand andRead MoreThe Asian Financial Crisis and Thailand: Catalyst for Change...or More of The Same? 1647 Words   |  7 Pagessustaining rapid economic growth. 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Essay on The Real Ken and Barbie - 757 Words

In the play, A Doll House, written by Henrik Ibsen, the plot and themes all suggest that the title implies a metaphor rather than an imaginary toy. The benefits of the reader is an example of how a lovely young woman can go from this flawless, Betty Crocker made life, to having everything turned upside down, not having any resemblance to prior situations. This play models more of a real life situation, not a pre ordained Cinderella fairy tale, and throughout the sequence, the main character, Nora, gets deeper and deeper into trials of tribulation. The meat and potatoes of this play revolves around a small amount, say 4800 crowns, that our damsel borrowed from an awfully suspicious humanitarian who is more than willing to†¦show more content†¦When a childhood friend drops by out of the blue, Nora can only provide a smidge of sympathy as she so valiantly describes how her life has been over these many years. Poor Ms. Linde widowed and without, comes to Nora in hopes of securing employment and residence. With a thin veil of, I could care less, Nora eases Ms. Lindes mind by suggesting shell talk Torvald into fitting her in down at the bank. After going through the spiel about how Nora dreams of, ...rich old gentlemen fallen in love... continued with, ...upon opening his will there in big letters All my fortune shall be paid over in cash, immediately to the enchanting Mrs. Nora Helmer.. (222), Mrs. Linde still is there listening to her line, and is more than glad to mend some clothes for her. Nora is not the most bala nced friend. The stench of scandal is thick in the Helmer household. Upon the introduction of the family friend Dr. Rank, both Torvald and Dr. Rank excuse themselves to take care of some personal issues. Enter Mr. Krogstad, our well intentioned, cut throat. Mr. Krogstad pleas with Nora to have his new boss, Torvald, down at the bank restore his position. Wondering how she can oblige our fun loving loan shark, Nora refuses, claiming she cant sway Torvalds business decision. Then out comes this mysterious document baring Noras signature. Mr.Show MoreRelatedHippie Barbie1064 Words   |  5 PagesHippie Barbie, written by Denise Duhamel uses the symbols of the contemporary life of the fairy-tale lifestyle into reality. The words and ideas used in this narrative poem give fantasy a different perspective. It is inferred that the speaker is a female Barbie specialist, who reflects her knowledge by using the popular Barbie doll as the main character. Throughout the poem, she gives key points that have female perspective; for instance, kissing Ken, thinking about having mixed-race children, andRead MoreEmily Prager s The Barbie Doll1271 Words   |  6 PagesNearly every American adolescent girl has owned a barbie doll. Girls love dressing their dolls and imagining their lives in the neon pink and vibrant turquoise plastic condos and shopping plazas. 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Analyse The Climate Change In The New South Wales Area of Australia

Question: Discuss about the Analyse The Climate Change In The New South Wales Area of Australia. Answer: Introduction The climatic conditions on Earth have been changing from a long time back in the history. In the past 649000 years, seven cycles of frigid progress and retreat have been witnessed, and the ice age ended abruptly some 6998 years ago, after which the climatic change in the atmosphere began. A huge part of these climate changes is credited to little assortments in Earth's circle that change the measure of sunlight the planet gets. The present warming example is of particular centrality in light of the way that a vast bit of it is incredibly liable to be the result of human development since the mid-twentieth century.The warm getting nature of carbon dioxide and diverse gasses was appeared in the mid-nineteenth century. Their ability to impact the trading of infrared imperativeness through the earth is the intelligent introduce of many instruments flown by NASA. There is almost certainly that extended levels of nursery gasses must reason the Earth to warm as needs be.The aim of this repo rt is to analyse and discuss the climate change in the New South Wales area of Australia, having a key focus on its capital, Sydney. The report begins with giving a general idea about the climate in Sydney, the recent changes in the regional climate, its effects, the future projection of these climatic changes and the governments attempts to mitigate these effects (Commonwealth of Australia, 2017). Climatic conditions in Sydney Sydney appreciates a radiant atmosphere with mellow winters and hoy summers, ideal for capitalizing on the outside. The summer season in Sydney starts from December and stays up to the month of February. Amid summer, normal temperatures extend from 19 26.2C, and normal moistness spikes to 66%. This is an awesome time to make the most of Sydney's bounteous shore lines, when water temperatures ascend to 20 - 23C.Harvest time is the mildest season in Sydney, which begins in March and continues until the end of May. During these months the stickiness drops and normal temperatures fall between 14 - 21C. Fresh, outside air makes harvest time the season for making the most of Sydney's beach front strolls. Sydney's coolest months are June to August when normal temperatures drop between 10- 18C . Sydney's precipitation is for the most part most elevated in June, with a normal of 132 mm, while July is the coolest month when normal daytime temperatures achieve only 12.8C . In the spring, that extends from September to November, the days are hotter however the humidity is not as high as summer. Normal everyday temperatures go from 10- 22C (Lambert, 2017). Recent Changes in the climate A mid year heat wave burnt the most populated parts of Australia recently, with temperatures topping 108 degrees Fahrenheit in Sydney and 96 degrees in Melbourne, with readings up to 118 degrees more distant inland.As fierce blazes seethed and a few climate stations revealed unsurpassed and month to month record highs, atmosphere researchers cautioned that this present summer's outrageous warmth, super-charged by environmental change, is turning into Australia's new normal (Australian Government, 2017). Nearly consistently has brought extraordinary warmth this mid year, however the most recent surge was remarkable by enveloping about all of New South Wales, home to the capital Sydney and 7.7 million individuals. The normal most extreme temperature hit 111.4 degrees Fahrenheit Saturday crosswise over around 300,000 square miles, like a territory the extent of the southeastern U.S. The warmth has helped fuel substantial out of control fires and starting late Sunday, 48 fires were wearing out of control in New South Wales. A huge number of individuals were being emptied in some rustic ranges, with authorities saying the conditions are more regrettable than amid the lethal Black Sunday fires that killed 175 individuals in 2009, Australian media revealed. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology anticipates that better than expected warmth will hold on through February and into March.The territory of New South Wales was 6 degrees Fahrenheit better than expected in January, making it the third-hottest January record. A few towns west of Sydney had record-setting dashes of temperatures over 104 degrees Fahrenheit, with the pattern proceeding into February, as indicated by a current post on NOAA's Climate.gov site (Tourism Australia, 2017). The development of warmth catching ozone depleting substance contamination in the climate implies things will deteriorate. Before the century's over, Australia's tropics will see an extra 40-50 heat wave days, while Sydney and Melbourne will see 2030 more days of outrageous warmth every year. Winter in the Greater Sydney district was drier than normal generally speaking, and Sydney's driest since 2009. The days were hotter than normal, albeit like the previous winter. Normal to cooler than normal least temperatures were across the board inland, albeit hotter than normal overnight temperatures ruled nearer to the coast. Most extreme temperatures were better than expected for winter crosswise over Sydney. The mean average greatest temperature in Sydney was 19 C, the equivalent seventh-hottest on record and equivalent to winter 2016. The end of July was especially warm, with many stations over the city recording their hottest July day on record on the 30th. Observatory Hill recorded 26 days over 19 C amid the season and Parramatta North recorded 25 days, both of which are more than normal yet like the quantity of warm winter days lately. Least temperatures at Observatory Hill were over the long haul normal, however ,were somewhat colder than normal in suburbia; winter least temperatures for Parramatta North were 6.6 C for winter, 0.8 C colder than normal (Berwyn, 2017). Social Impact of Climatic Change Changes in precipitation and higher dissipation rates are probably going to prompt less water for streams and waterways in the Sydney Metropolitan Catchments, which will have downstream outcomes for stockpiles and place strains on the catchment's water assets. For instance, because of late patterns toward decreased precipitation, as of August 2012, catchment stockpiles at Woronora were at just 30% of the limit. Likewise, a lot of Sydney Metro's water assets are sourced from the neighbouring Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, where various key stockpiles are additionally at under half capacity.Therefore, the majority of environmental change effects of Sydney's water supply may come about because of impacts in upstream catchments (Fountain, 2017). Higher temperatures will prompt lacking winter chilling for some natural product trees, which may decrease organic product yield and quality. It might end up noticeably important to consider low chill assortments and option administration alternati ves. Be that as it may, higher temperatures are probably going to lessen the danger of harming winter ices. Changes to the atmosphere will highly affect the catchment's plants and creatures. As of now, 151 species, ten populations and 23 biological groups in the catchment are delegated debilitated or imperiled. Although, the dangers to the catchment's biodiversity are generally a result of land clearing, modifications of waterway streams and water abstraction, environmental change is probably going to additionally intensify protection endeavours. The geographic circulation of an animal group is regularly characterized by its 'atmosphere envelope,' reflecting species-particular resistances to extremes of temperature and dampness. Environmental change is probably going to drive changes in the dispersion of some plant and creature species, driving a few species out of the catchment or empowering trespassers to move in. In the mean time, even those species equipped for adapting to envir onmental change alone may capitulate to the aggregate impacts of different alterations. In spite of such effects, little is really known, with respect to how environmental change may influence the catchment's rich biodiversity or biological communities, for example, its jeopardized beach front saltmarsh. Hotter winters are probably going to decrease diseases caused by cold weather, however hotter summers are probably going to expand the danger of warmth related medical issues, particularly in the elderly population. For instance, environmental change and populace development and maturing may expand yearly heat related passings in those matured more than 67 in Sydney from 178 at present to 362 414 by the year 2020 and 720 1,300 by 2050. Hotter temperatures may likewise add to the spread of irresistible infections, in spite of the fact that the spread of tropical illnesses, for example, dengue fever into the Sydney-Metro catchment stays unlikely (CSIRO, 2016). The assembled condition is likewise defenceless against environmental change. And also affecting on homes, it will influence foundation, business structures and other physical resources. Changes in normal atmosphere will influence building plan and execution, including basic guidelines and cooling and warming interest. Higher summer temperatures, for instance, may instigate the revaluation of building plan and gauges to guarantee warm solace at negligible cost, while potential increments in outrageous breezes may require more vigorous development. What's more, an examination by Austroads reasoned that environmental change would add to increments in street support costs in NSW of up to 28% by 2100, to a great extent because of suspicions about the impacts of environmental change and populace development on activity volumes (Shaftel, 2017). Given increments in the force of the heavy rainfall occasions, streak flooding and strains on water foundation, for example, sewerage and waste frameworks would rise, especially in urban territories. For instance, an examination by a researcher found that environmental change may twofold surge related harms in urban zones of NSW, although the latest model proposes that extraordinary precipitation occasions along the NSW coastline may decay, yet increment advance inland. Despite changes in such extremes, higher temperatures and lower normal precipitation are probably going to prompt expanded weight on urban water and vitality supplies, unless directed by request administration measures. For instance, another scientist assessed that per capita water request in Sydney would need to decrease by 56% by 2030 keeping in mind the end goal to stay inside supportable yields. Higher temperatures would build summer crest will increase the request for aerating and cooling, expanding the danger of power outages (Energy, 2017). Displaying of climate designs along the NSW drift demonstrates the potential for increments in the recurrence of climate occasions that add to outrageous breezes and, therefore, storm surges. Such increments in the storm surge, in conjunction with future ocean level ascent, would expand the danger of beach front immersion, disintegration, and harm to framework and property. A famous researcher, Cowell assessed middle disintegration at Manly Beach from ocean level ascent of 32.9meters (88 meters) by 2100. Given an ocean level ascent of 19 cm by 2050, seaside disintegration of up to 23 meters is anticipated for Collaroy/Narabeen shoreline, ascending to 109 meters given a 1 out of 50 year storm surge, with related monetary misfortunes of $230 million. The danger loss of property because of bushfire is expected to incline. For instance, by and large Sydney is probably going to encounter 0 3 more days with a fire risk list of "high" or "extraordinary" by 2020 and 27more days by 2050. Given the extensive number of properties in bushland and the introduction of basic framework, this would posture challenges for crisis administration. As an outcome of these and several other variations in extremes, for example, winds and surges, protection hazard evaluations and premiums are probably going to be influenced. Climate change projections (2030, 2050, 2100) The Sydney Water Balance Project has discovered that there might be a reduction in yearly precipitation and spill over in the inland catchments and minor increments in the beach front catchments by 2030. Environmental change is likewise prone to bring about an expansion in dissipation all through the catchments, with the Sydney Water Balance Project is anticipating up to a 23% increment in container vanishing in inland catchments and a 10% increment in seaside catchments by 2070 (Doherty Slezak, 2017). In Sydney, exceptional warm days of more than 34 degrees Celsius are likely going to increase from 4 days for consistently starting at now experienced to up to 12 days by 2070 without overall movement to reduce emanations. Environmental change is also foreseen that would add to a development in the amount of ridiculous hedge fire days in parts of NSW. In the Sydney region the amount of over the top fire chance days could climb from the present 10 days for consistently to upwards of 16 of consistently by 2050. The exploration suggests that by 2020 fire seasons will start earlier and end possibly later, while being generally more extraordinary all through their length, with these movements winding up more explained by 2050. An addition in mean temperatures and a reduction in precipitation and relative dampness will most likely open up the fire hazard in south eastern timberlands, with extended fire repeat and level of area expended. As the quantity of days over 35 degrees Celsius increments and heat waves turn out to be more incessant, more individuals are probably going to endure warm related sicknesses and passing, with the elderly especially powerless. An expected 178 individuals matured 65 and over pass on every year in Sydney from death caused by the heat. This could conceivably ascend to 420 individuals per year by 2020 and up to 1300 by 2050. The inhabitants in NSW are more helpless to deaths caused by cold weather than the deaths caused due to heat. All things considered, the aggregate temperature-related passings are anticipated to be up to 1,900 of every 2100 with no relief, contrasted with 2750 out of a world with no human-actuated environmental change (Bureau of Meteorology, 2016). Mosquito-borne infections, for example, dengue and Murray Valley Encephalitis, can prompt genuine and at times hazardous diseases. Under modestly hotter and humid atmosphere conditions, there might be an expansion in the pervasiveness of some diseases that are caused by mosquitoes. Another ecological change related that is negatively affecting the human well being is the frequent occurrence of forest fires, air pollution increase and mental illness. These impacts of ecological change will be most conspicuous among people with less pay rates, the elderly and the sick population. Steps towards mitigation of these climatic changes The NSW Government has a scope of projects to guarantee that NSW has its influence in addressing the environmental change in Sydney and is set up for the unavoidable effects of environmental change. The Government has built up a reasonable heading for reacting to environmental change in NSW 2021, an arrangement which sets needs for sustainable power source, energy effectiveness and limiting the effects of environmental change in the NSW people group. Reducing emissions Energy proficiency Saving energy can decrease ozone depleting substance discharges while additionally diminishing force bills. The NSW Energy Efficiency Strategy contains a scope of measures to enable purchasers to spare vitality. Specifically, the Energy Savings Scheme requires power retailers to spare a specific measure of vitality by enhancing vitality productivity in family units and organizations. At the point when the plan began in July 2009, the objective for retailers was a sparing of 0.3% of power deals in NSW. This objective incremented to 4% of offers by 2014. Throughout the following decade it has helped diminish future ascents in family unit power charges by a normal $49.6 every year, bolster up to 1000 occupations and animate the developing NSW energy effectiveness industry with up to $1 billion in extra speculation (Energy, 2017). Renewable energy A noteworthy NSW Government centre is to help the State's sustainable power source industry. NSW 2021 sets an objective of 21% sustainable power source era by the end of 2020. Following the Solar and Renewable Energy Summit in 2011, an activity design is being created to recognize the open doors for interest in sustainable power sources and framework how the Government will fabricate a prosperous and manageable vitality segment in NSW that additionally adds to meeting Australia's 21% sustainable power source focus by 2020. Helping individuals and business reduce their emissions Exercises to decrease emissions can be a 'win-win' for both purchasers and nature. For customers, lessening discharges can likewise cut power charges and give a cradle against future value rises. The NSW Government has a scope of projects and activities intended to enable buyers to decrease their discharges. In NSW 2021, the Government has resolved to help organizations and family units to acknowledge yearly energy funds of 16,020 GWh by 2020 and furthermore bolster 220,100 low salary families to diminish vitality use by up to 21% by June 2014. The Save Power site is a one-stop shop that gives data and exhortation about what families and organizations can do to diminish energy utilization, bills and nursery discharges (Berwyn, 2017). Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that climate change is an inevitable process and Sydney is being greatly affected by these changes. The region has witnessed some major variations in its natural climate over the years. The population residing in the city has been constantly exposed to these changes and have suffered to a great extent because of it. Even though the process cannot be completely stopped, the government has introduced several schemes and programs through which the effects of these climatic changes can be minimised. The people of Sydney need to cooperate with the government and strictly follow these mitigation policies in order to live in the region healthily. References Australian Government, 2017. Climate change impacts in New South Wales: Potential impacts and costs, Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science-data/climate-science/impacts/nsw Berwyn, B., 2017. Australian Heat Wave Raises Concern for Country's New, Sizzling Normal, Available at: https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13022017/australia-heatwave-climate-change-sydney-melbourne Bureau of Meteorology, 2016. Report at a glance: State of the climate, Available at: https://www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-climate/State-of-the-Climate-2016.pdf?bcsi_scan_64741547a7fe261b=0bcsi_scan_filename=State-of-the-Climate-2016.pdf Commonwealth of Australia, 2017. Greater Sydney in winter 2017: a warm and dry winter across the region. [Online] Available at: https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/season/nsw/sydney.shtml CSIRO, 2016. Climate Change in the Sydney Metropolitan Catchments, Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/pdf/climate.pdf?bcsi_scan_64741547a7fe261b=VKSY5wwFAj7z72j2UFfvKkxj/qmdAAAACEO/lQ==bcsi_scan_filename=climate.pdf Doherty, B. Slezak, M., 2017. Australia faces potentially disastrous consequences of climate change, inquiry told, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/11/australia-potentially-disastrous-consequences-of-climate-change-inquiry-told Energy, D. o. E. a., 2017. Review of Australias climate change policies. [Online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/review-climate-change-policies Fountain, H., 2017. Sydneys Swelter Has a Climate Change Link, Scientists Say, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/02/science/australia-heat-climate-change.html?mcubz=3 Lambert, O., 2017. New report reveals 2016 was hottest year on earth, Available at: https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/climate-change/new-report-reveals-2016-was-hottest-year-on-earth/news-story/bd3ae7e5b79ae130e4bc307e6ab8bf45 Shaftel, H., 2017. Climate change: How do we know?, Available at: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ Tourism Australia, 2017. Find information on temperature, rainfall and seasonal activities to help plan your holiday in Sydney.. [Online] Available at: https://www.australia.com/en-in/facts/weather/sydney-weather.html

The Old Testament Is A Compilation, And Like Every Compilation It Has

The Old Testament is a compilation, and like every compilation it has a wide variety of contributors who, in turn, have their individual influence upon the final work. It is no surprise, then, that there exist certain parallels between the Enuma Elish, the cosmogony of the Babylonians, and the Book of Genesis, the first part of the Pentateuch section of the Bible. In fact, arguments may be made that other Near Eastern texts, particularly Sumerian, have had their influences in Biblical texts. The extent of this 'borrowing', as it were, is not limited to the Bible; the Enuma Elish has its own roots in Sumerian mythology, predating the Enuma Elish by nearly a thousand years. A superficial examination of this evidence would erroneously lead one to believe that the Bible is somewhat a collection of older mythology re-written specifically for the Semites. In fact, what develops is that the writers have addressed each myth as a separate issue, and what the writers say is that their God surp asses every other. Each myth or text that has a counterpart in the Bible only serves to further an important idea among the Hebrews: there is but one God, and He is omnipotent, omniscient, and other-worldly; He is not of this world, but outside it, apart from it. The idea of a monotheistic religion is first evinced in recorded history with Judaism, and it is vital to see that instead of being an example of plagiarism, the Book of Genesis is a meticulously composed document that will set apart the Hebrew God from the others before, and after. To get a clear picture of the way the Book of Genesis may have been formed (because we can only guess with some degree of certainty), we must place in somewhere in time, and then define the cultures in that time. The influences, possible and probable, must be illustrated, and then we may draw our conclusions. If we trace back to the first appearance of the Bible in written form, in its earliest translation, we arrive at 444 B.C.. Two texts, co mponents of the Pentateuch referred to as 'J' and 'E' texts, can be traced to around 650 B.C. Note that 'J' refers to Yahweh (YHVH) texts, characterized by the use of the word 'Yahweh' or 'Lord' in accounts; 'E' refers to Elohist texts, which use, naturally, 'Elohim' in its references to God.1 But 650 B.C. isn't our oldest reference to the 'J' and 'E' texts; they can be traced, along with the other three strands of the Pentateuch, to at least 1000 B.C. Our first compilation of these strands existed in 650 B.C.. We must therefore begin our search further back in time. We can begin with the father of the Hebrew people, Abraham. We can deduce when he lived, and find that he lived around 1900 B.C. in ancient Mesopotamia2. If we examine his world and its culture, we may find the reasons behind certain references in Genesis, and the mythologies they resemble. The First Babylonian Dynasty had begun around 1950 B.C. and would last well into the late 16th century B.C.. The Babylonians had just conquered a land previously under the control of the Assyrians, and before that, the Summering. Abraham had lived during a time of great prosperity and a remarkably advanced culture. He was initially believed to have come from the city of Ur, as given in the Bible as "...the Ur of Chaldees". Earlier translations read, however, simply "...Land of the Chaldees"; later, it was deduced that Abraham had come from a city called Haran3. In any case, he lived in a thriving and prosperous world. Homes were comfortable, even luxurious. Copies of hymns were found next to mathematical tablets detailing formulae for extracting square and cube roots.4 The level of sophistication 4000 years ago is remarkable. We can also deduce that it was a relatively stable and peaceful society; its art is characterized by the absence of any warlike activity, paintings or sculptures.5 We also have evidence of an Israelite tribe, the Benjamites, in Babylonian texts. The Benjamites were nomads on the frontie r of its boundaries, and certainly came in contact with Babylonian ideas- culture, religion, ethics. The early

George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero Essay Example

George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero Paper A dystopia does not pretend to be good, while an anti-utopia appears to be utopian or was intended to be so, but a fatal flaw or malefactor has perverted it (Maven Word of the day). Far to often these two terms are thought to be synonymous. Although they are similar, as said in the quotation above, there is a difference between dystopias and anti-utopias. The concept of an anti-utopia is quite prevelant in George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero. The lifestyle somebody leads may seem to people to be acceptable, fun, or even create the illusion of a utopia, when in actuality their actions either wind up hurting themselves or the ones they love. The danger of false allies can also tie in with this concept; somebody who is making a character feel safe, may actually be a person who would do nothing to hinder the characters demise, or even be the one plotting it. Characters take actions that they think will improve their situations, but deluded by hubris they often cannot. Rather than free them their actions put them in jeopardy. We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The protagonist of each work I discuss, Winston in 1984, Alex in A Clockwork Orange, and Jack in The Hero deludes himself that he can create a utopia when in reality in each case misguided actions lead to death or imprisonment. The feeling of leading a self-beneficial lifestyle is often a misleading one. For example in the poem The Hero, Jack, who is the war hero in the poem, decides to go away to war. Jack fell as hed have wished, the mother said. (Sassoon, S. The Hero) This quote is expressing Jacks patriotism, and how he wished to die for his country. This also implies that Jack was excited to go to war, and viewed it as a positive thing, or even fun, to go and fight for his country. When he got there he was nothing but horrified, this is made obvious in this passage from the poem: He thought how Jack, cold-footed, useless swine/ Had panicked down the trench that night the mine. The battlefield was initially viewed as a glorious place to be, and an excellent way to serve your country, but in actuality is a horrifying, dreadful place that will do nothing but generate violence, and many senseless deaths. In saying this, this was is a place made out to be a utopia, but in actuality, it is an anti-utopia. In A Clockwork Orange the main character, Alex leads his life of crime knowing that nothing bad will come happen to him, because he has his droogies behind him. Not only his close circle, but also people around the town willing to create an alibi for him and his friends. He loves his criminal lifestyle simply because it feels good. It is not for the money that he does these horrible things, it is simply for the pleasure it gives him. Anything that gives somebody that much freedom, and that much pleasure is clearly a perfect world to them. This was Alexs perfect world. Oh just keep walking I said. And viddy what turns up, oh my little brothers. (Burgess, A. 6) Here Alex is assuring his droogs that they will be able to perform some ultra-violence that night. This illustrates how much they love this life of crime and that the four of them get gratification from their violent acts. While being violent, committing rape, and dishing out horrorshow tolchocks, these kids feel invincible. Little to Alexs knowledge, his acts will eventually lead to him being beaten by his victims, and tortured by the very people he hurts to in the construction of his own apparent utopia. This of course would change his little world from a place where everything is perfect, to a place where things only seem to be as such, and actually are horrible for little Alex. People begin to turn on him, and he loses his control over his droogies and society. At this point even his closest friends are contemplating a mutiny in their group. Once Alex is reformed, and unable to commit the ugly deeds that used to give him so much pleasure, he is still viewed by society as a hell-raising monster. People that he has done wrong unto in the past seek out revenge upon him. Even his parents have replaced him, and have a lodger living in his bed. Alexs actions that used to bring him such great joy are now the cause of his great emotional and physical pain. In 1984 the protagonist Winston Smith, is a very depressed fellow, due to the oppression of his government. He, much like Jack from The Hero, and Alex from A Clockwork Orange, chooses not to follow a boring lifestyle. Instead he searches for something that will bring them some excitement and happiness, something that will give them the illusion of a perfect world. Winston however seeks love out as his saviour from the cage that is life in 1984. He meets a girl named Julia, and he falls in love with her. Of course he never shows this in public, out of fear that a telescreen, or the thought police may see him. Once he meets this girl, she changes him; she gives him the incentive to rebel and have fun. He becomes very interested in the secret brotherhood, and the demise of the INGSOC party. When speaking to OBrien, whom Winston suspects runs the brotherhood, Winston says: We believe that there is some kind of conspiracy, some kind of secret organisation working against the party, and that you are involved in it. We want to join it and work for it. We are enemies of the party. (Orwell, G. 177) This only shows how intent he is on escaping his life of imprisonment, and to attain some amount of freedom. He spills out his beliefs in hopes that OBrien shares them, when if he didnt, it would be the end of Winston, the thought police would take him away. He wants so badly for this brotherhood to be real that he acts as though it is, even when the consequences could be fatal. When the telescreen is turned off, Winston feels free to say what he wants. This has created an anti-utopia. This is an anti-utopia because Winston thinks he is safe from the eyes of the party, but really he is being watched, and OBrien is a member of the thought police. This belief in his temporary perfect world leads to his capture by the thought police. Just as Jack believed his world was perfect, and Alex believed his world was perfect, their over confidence in their lifestyles leads to the end of them. Often individuals can be lured into anti-utopias by people who give them a false sense of security. These people are called false allies. In all three of the pieces of literature being discussed, the protagonist has false allies who lead to their demise. In The Hero Jack went away to war, with hopes of serving his country, and making a difference. During WWI there was a lot of propaganda making going away to war look like a fun thing to do, and not only that, but the right thing to do. There were no warnings that one may die at war, or that it was a dangerous thing to do. The government, and the army, who are ones who created this propaganda, created a anti-utopia for the soldiers, making them think that they were going away to have fun, and to fight for their country. In reality, these men were going away to live with diseases and poverty, and would most likely die. how hed tried/ To get sent home, and how, at last, he died/ Blown to small bits. And no one seemed to care (Sassoon, S. The Hero) This quote shows how little the government and the officers cared about the soldiers, all they cared about was getting a lot of them. They had no interest in their well being. They led the young soldiers to their deathbed, by advertising the war as something positive and glorious, and not warning people of the risks. In A Clockwork Orange, Alex encounters many false allies; probably the best example of this is Dr. Branom and Dr. Brodsky. Prior to Alex being exposed to the awful films and torture that they give him, they make this new treatment out to be nothing but a quicker way to get out of jail and to be reformed. When Alex asks what is in store for him, they never tell him that it is going to be painful, or how it will affect him. Alex asks what the new treatment consists of and Dr. Branom simply answers Its quite simple, really. We just show you some films. (Burgess, A. 73) Although this is not a lie per-se, because they do show him films, it is very misleading. Branom makes it sound as though he is just going to watch a couple of nice movies. Really the films Alex is going to watch are ones that will torture him, make him sick to his stomach, and take away his free will. The two doctors did not care about the mental or physical health of Alex; they only cared about making a name for themselves, and making advancements in science. The misleading information that they gave to Alex made the treatment appeal to him, and so he went through with it. He had trust in these doctors, and believed they had saved him from the awful prison and brought him to a better place. I lay on the bed thinking this was like real heaven (Burgess, A. 74). This is a quote by the narrator, Alex, speaking about this new facility he was in, the doctors made him think that this place was great, in hopes that he would help them in their research. Their plan works. They had duped Alex into thinking that they were his allies, thus an anti-utopia was created. He had signed papers and now he was theirs to do with whatever they wanted. In 1984, Winston finds a junk shop where he can buy things from the past, and try to figure out what went on before the rule of INGSOC and Big Brother. Inside this shop, was a humble, and caring little shop owner, by the name of Mr. Charrington. This man seems to support Winston, and his rebellious life-style, and empathises with his hate for the party. He gains Winstons trust by showing him the room upstairs. When Charrington takes Winston to the upstairs. Winston observes: Theres no telescreen! he could not help murmuring. Ah said the old man, I never had one of those things. (Orwell, G. 100-101) By telling Winston that there is no telescreen, he implies that Winston is safe, and this room could be somewhat of a sanctuary for him. This leads Winston into later renting the room out and living there with his mistress. In actuality there is a telescreen in this room, it is just hidden behind a picture. Also, M r. Charrington is actually not the kindly old man he makes himself out to be. He is nothing more than a deceitful, dishonest pawn used by Big Brother to catch Winston and Julia. Charrington pretending to be a comrade and an ally of Winstons leads him into becoming over confident thinking he is free from all worries in his room, and eventually being detained and brainwashed by the thought police in the ministry of love. Going away to war can be viewed as an act of confidence. You would never go anywhere where there were to be deaths, if you were thinking you were going to be the one dying. Therefore I can conclude that when Jack went off to war, he probably was confident that his country was far superior, and he was to come out unharmed. Overconfident people are more likely to wage in war, but fare worse in the ensuing battles mentally healthy people can have highly optimistic predictions, or positive illusions in present day, optimism may wreak havoc on international relations (Khamsi, R. Overconfidence is a Disadvantage at War) When Jack was in the trenches, it was not at all what he had expected. He was not prepared for such a gruesome experience. The fact that he was ill prepared for war, made him panic. Had panicked down the trench that night the mine/ Went up at Wicked Corner; how hed tried/ To get sent home, and how, at last, he died (Sassoon, S. The Hero) This passage tells about how Jack panicked in the trenches, and died because of it. Since his ill preparation was due to his over confidence, and his panic due to his ill preparation, and his death due to his panic, it was Jacks own hubris that killed him. He had created a perfect world of heroic adventures for himself in his mind, and then when he was actually in this world, it was one of horrible terrifying experiences, thus an anti-utopia. Jack, like Alex, and Winston, had embraced the utopian idea that he could control the world around him and, like the others, is destroyed when it becomes clear that he in fact has no control over his situation. Alex, after having his authority questioned the night before, in a heated discussion sparked when he struck the largest of his three droogies, he wanted to show why he was the boss. He and his three droogs had decided to do some ultra violence on an old ladys home. After a failed attempt at getting her to open the door by pretending they had a wounded man with them, Alex decided he would gain entry another way. He told his droogs he would get in, and then open the door for them, so they could all partake in the ultra violence. Once Alex got inside, he was having second thoughts about his plan. I thought to myself that I would show these fickle and worthless droogs of mine that I was worth the whole three of them and more. I would do all on my oddy knocky. I would perform the old ultra-violence on the starry ptitsa and on her pusspots if need be, then I would take fair rookerfuls of what looked like real polezny stuff and go waltzing to the front door and open up showering gold and silver on my waiting droogs. They must learn all about leadership. (Burgess, A. 46) This is an example of Alex getting cocky, which he did quite often, however, this time Alex did not achieve the outcome he expects. Without his droogies with him, Alex had no backup. When he tried to attack the homeowner, he slipped in a saucer of her cats milk, and he was caught off guard. He was beaten about the head, and it was quite hard for him to overcome the woman. Although he did win the battle, when he went to flee, the police had shown up, and his so called droogs had left him all on his oddy knocky for the police to pick him up. Had Alex not been so cocky, and let his droogs in as planned, the job would have gone smoother, and he would have gotten away in time. Instead he figured things would be perfect if he went in all alone, and did this by himself. He failed to see the downfall of his plan, all he saw was what could go right, making this situation seem somewhat of a utopia, he would get to perform ultra violence, and he would gain the respect of his droogies back. What Alex didnt see was what actually happened, he was blind to the downfalls of his plan, making this situation actually an anti-utopia. Alexs own hubris led him to being incarcerated by the police, and eventually brainwashed. Unlike Alex, who delighted in brutal, theatrical public self-assertion, Winston had always been a very secretive person. Winston had always been a very secretive person, living in the shadows, fearing and knowing, that the telescreens would one day catch him either writing in his diary, or perhaps doing something even more severe. Winston could hide from it long enough to write in his diary even though he knew he would get caught eventually(No Listed Author, Satire In 1984) After he learned of the room above Mr. Charringtons shop that had no telescreen, he believed he had found a safe haven. He and Julia knew that they were safe there; because there was no way that the party could be watching them. They did everything and anything the party was against here, they were free to do whatever their heart desired. This room was their getaway place, somewhere where everything was perfect, they believed it to be their utopia. But we must remember that the word Utopia comes from the Greek word meaning no place or place that does not exist. This was far to good to be true. One day while having a conversation in the room they heard a voice, a cold strong voice saying You are the dead. This startled them, and they were instantly stiff with fear. It was then that the picture of a church fell and they saw a telescreen. They then realized that this whole time there had been a telescreen present, they were being watched this whole time. They also then realized that Mr. Charrington was part of the thought police. The two lovers were then brought to the ministry of love, and brainwashed. There little room was an anti-utopia, it seemed to be a utopia, but it was actually quite the opposite. Hubris led to the inevitable demise of these two lovers, they were too confident in their safe haven, and too content to realize it was too good to be true. Confidence was their tragic downfall, just as it was for Alexand Jack Is utopia a place where crimes against humanity are committed? Is utopia a place where people cant choose what to do with their lives? Is a utopia a place where there is no love? Every attempt humans have made to reach a perfect world, has been pointless. Perfection doesnt exist. Utopias dont exist. (No Listed Author, The Strange Utopia of The Giver) This supports what is said in the above essay, utopias are true to their Greek meaning, place that does not exist because they do not exist. If one disagrees and believes that they are living in a utopia, it results from either over confidence or being misled by the false claims of others or both. Rather than striving for utopias we must strive to be as aware of our surrounding as possible to prepare for and ideally minimize the dangers that are always a part of human existence and exist within any social system.

Free Essays on Brazil

Brazil In 1822, Brazil became a nation independent from Portugal. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil has overcome more than half a century of military government to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development. With an abundance of natural resources and a large labor pool, Brazil became Latin America's leading economic power by the 1970’s. Brazil is located in Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. It is slightly smaller than the U.S., with bordering countries Argentina, Bolivia, Columbia, French Guyana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. It has many natural resources, including bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, and timber. The climate is tropical in the north, but temperate in the south. The terrain consists of mostly flat to rolling lowlands, with some plains, hills, mountains, and a narrow coastal belt. In recent years, environmentalists have become increasingly concerned over the future of the Amazon region, where human life has threatened the world's largest intact rain forest. Brasilia is the capital and main source of modern industry. The total population in Brazil is 167,988,000. The population grows at a rate of 0.91%, with a life expectancy of 64 years for the total population; the female life expectancy is 67.73 years and the male is 58.96 years. The Brazilian people are very diverse. Three main ethnic groups exist in the country: Portuguese, Native American, and African. The Portuguese, Spanish and English languages are spoken throughout Brazil. However, Portuguese cultural influences remain strong, with Portuguese as the primary language and Roman Catholicism as the principal religion. The definition of literacy being those who are aged fifteen and older who can read and write, the literacy rate in Brazil is 83% for the entire population. Before 1930,... Free Essays on Brazil Free Essays on Brazil Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and is also the largest country in South America. It occupies almost half of the South American continent and extends from north of the equator to south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Its capital is Brasilia. Brazil’s large size and diverse population provide great variety in the natural environment, population, culture, and economy. The name of Brazil comes from a very heavy hard dyewood pau brasil or brazilwood. The first inhabitants of Brazil were Native Americans. The Portuguese settled in Brazil in 1500 when many Native American tribes sparsely populated the country. In the mid-16th century the Portuguese began to import African slaves to work on agricultural production. The economic development of Brazil has been strongly influenced by a series of economic cycles in which different resources were exploited in different parts of the country. The first commodity to be exploited was the brazilwood then other resources were exploited over the years. Brazil was a Portuguese colony from 1500 to 1822, when it achieved independence. The abolition of slavery took place in 1888. Since the 1940s Brazilian society has undergone dramatic changes to boost industrialization and to diversify the economy. Until the 1960s the majority of the people lived in rural areas rather than in cities or towns, but the si tuation is now reversed. Two geographic features dominate the landscape of Brazil: the vast Amazon Basin, which spans the width of northern Brazil, and an extensive highland plateau, known as the Brazilian Highlands, which covers most of the South and Southeast. The Amazon Basin consists of a huge drainage area that contains the world’s largest river, the Amazon River, and the world’s largest tropical rain forest. In the South and Southeast, the Brazilian Highlands- an eroded plateau dotted with irregular mountains and crossed by river valleys- forms the major fe... Free Essays on Brazil Brazil, one of the world’s largest and most populated countries. It is the largest country in South America. Its largest city is So Paulo, and its capital is Brasà ­lia. Brazil’s population is very diverse. There is a combination between Native Americans, Portuguese settlers, and African slaves, which made a society of racial and ethnicity. According to The Colliers Encyclopedia Brazil is the only Latin American country settled by the Portuguese. Before the Portuguese arrived in 1500, allot of Native American tribes had a small amount of people in Brazil. In the 16th century the Portuguese began to bring African slaves to work in agricultural production. The ethnic mix between these three groups, along with other European peoples who immigrated to Brazil after 1850, has contributed to some distinctly Brazilian cultural forms, especially in music and architecture. Distinct cultures also continue to survive among Afro-Brazilians, non-Portuguese immigrants from Europe a nd Asia, and isolated pockets of Native Americans. However, Portuguese cultural influences remain strong, with Portuguese as the primary language and Roman Catholicism as the principal religion. The economic development of Brazil has been strongly influenced by a series of economic cycles in which different resources were exploited in different parts of the country. The first commodity to be exploited was the dyewood pau brasil, from which the country takes its name. In the mid-16th century colonists introduced sugar cultivation, taking advantage of the good soil and tropical climate along the Northeast coast. Gold was discovered in the 1690s in what became the state of Minas Gerais. This provoked a gold rush that brought the first significant settlement of the interior and shifted the country’s economic focus and population center from the Northeast to the Southeast. Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers. The most impressive river system is that of t... Free Essays on Brazil Brazil In 1822, Brazil became a nation independent from Portugal. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil has overcome more than half a century of military government to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development. With an abundance of natural resources and a large labor pool, Brazil became Latin America's leading economic power by the 1970’s. Brazil is located in Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. It is slightly smaller than the U.S., with bordering countries Argentina, Bolivia, Columbia, French Guyana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. It has many natural resources, including bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, and timber. The climate is tropical in the north, but temperate in the south. The terrain consists of mostly flat to rolling lowlands, with some plains, hills, mountains, and a narrow coastal belt. In recent years, environmentalists have become increasingly concerned over the future of the Amazon region, where human life has threatened the world's largest intact rain forest. Brasilia is the capital and main source of modern industry. The total population in Brazil is 167,988,000. The population grows at a rate of 0.91%, with a life expectancy of 64 years for the total population; the female life expectancy is 67.73 years and the male is 58.96 years. The Brazilian people are very diverse. Three main ethnic groups exist in the country: Portuguese, Native American, and African. The Portuguese, Spanish and English languages are spoken throughout Brazil. However, Portuguese cultural influences remain strong, with Portuguese as the primary language and Roman Catholicism as the principal religion. The definition of literacy being those who are aged fifteen and older who can read and write, the literacy rate in Brazil is 83% for the entire population. Before 1930,... Free Essays on Brazil In â€Å"Liberalism†, Emilia Viotti da Costa paints a picture of the political, social, and economic atmosphere in Brazil during the 1800’s. One topic of her discussion was the many regional rebellions in the country between 1822 and 1845. Another topic discussed was Brazilian politics and how it may have contributed to the instability of the nation. A third topic of interest included the factors that allowed Pedro II to rule largely until 1889 without disruption. These are the three main topics of interest discussed in Emilia Viotti da Costa’s chapter â€Å"Liberalism†. There were many reasons for the multiple regional rebellions that took place in Brazil from 1822 until 1845. The first of these reasons was the forming of the National Convention, which was composed of many groups of social elites ranging from priests to plantation owners. These social elites had completely separate motivations and initiatives, which were mostly personal and wealth driven, than those of the lower class. The Constitutional Charter, passed in 1824, was a second reason for rebellion in the country. This â€Å"Constitution† was created by the Brazilian elite and supported their self-interests and property. Class and racial differences were a major issue of the time. The constitution held no value for the majority of the population, who were mostly slaves and tenants on land they could not own. A third reason for rebellion by Liberals was religion, as Catholicism was the official religion of Brazil. As mentioned earlier, there were members of the National C onvention who were priests. These individuals clearly wanted to preserve the interests of the church through the power of education. These are some of the underlying themes beneath the many regional rebellions of the period. Brazilian politics also helped to cause the instability of the nation. Two conflicting parties dominated the political scene at the time. One group was the Libe...

POLITICAL EXPERIENCE ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

POLITICAL EXPERIENCE ANALYSIS - Essay Example In effect, whether it is to protest some program of the government or to display your endorsement for a specific contender is known by all that majority of rallies achieve nothing. For oppressed cultures, where injustice is the order of the day, the rally has the opposite effect. Put it another way, there is nothing more powerful that thousands of people making the simple demand of, say, liberation. The odd successful rally in recent-day America invariably is a response to the attendance of coercion or inequality. During spring, I attended a rally for Barrack Obama in Ewes, Iowa. Preceding that experience, I had never attended any rally. I am in University. Obama’s rally at Iowa State University was promptly organized by some assiduous group. Why did I feel the urge to go? To put in another way, I was quite startled. This rally provided an opportunity to contribute in a time-privileged student tradition. I believe that the presence of some rally along the path of life is archetypal to the experience of any young man who is semi-educated and has the jot of political opinions. In a sense, this belief was accurate, just because is function to show the imprudence of swinging out of old political varieties for new time. It was a hot dreary day, as nature has added brushstrokes to the atmosphere to emphasize the farce of the attendees endeavor. We all stood around underneath the steps of the University’s Agricultural Building, and attempted to think ourselves as the re-embodiments of activists protesting at that very spot against the military’s Don’t Ask, Don’t policy and Obama’s abortion rights stance. A man got to his feet at the top of the stops and started shrieking into the microphone to get the rally going. The first few epistles were met with a proper amount of fervor mixed with ire. However, I had not expected to enter some arena of political thoughtfulness nor seriousness. But this one proved me wrong. I had

Business Law course---&gtAgency--&gtPrincipal and Agent relationship Term Paper

Business Law course--->Agency-->Principal and Agent relationship - Term Paper Example However, creating a relationship between two parties involve certain crucial points, which are significant to be considered when creating an agency. These points principally includes mentioning the authorities of the parties involved, duties of the both the parties and liability of the parties involved among others in the contract. In similar regard, it would be worth mentioning that an agency relationship between two parties (the principal and the agent) must be beneficial for both; that is the principal will enjoy the privilege of getting his/her work done by others, while the agent will receive a considerable amount for the same (Floyd & Allen 212-250). THESIS STATEMENT In this paper, emphasis will be laid upon investigating and postulating the provisions in respect to agency creation and the subsequent relation built there upon between an agent and the principal. The significance of having an agency relationship will also be depicted up to an extent in this paper. From a primary point of view, there are several components identifiable as involved with the creation as well as the legal execution of an agency relationship. ... In such relationship a legal contract plays a vital role to ensure legal and ethical conducts of both the parties involved. The rights as well as responsibilities of both the parties are therefore, postulated to be based in accordance to the terms and conditions mentioned in the contract. In regard to creating an agency, the free consent of the both the parties involved, i.e. principal and agent, is of prime significance and a necessary issue. The principal, in this context, must have the desire that the agent will act on his behalf with a particular transaction or negotiation. Similarly, an agent will also have the right to choose his desire or confirm his free consent to perform on behalf of the principal. The intentions and expectations of both the parties is also required to be mentioned in the contract to avoid any sort of miscommunications or frauds of any kind in the course of their relationship. Correspondingly, the contract law will be applicable in this regard. In case, if one party intends to exercise control over the activities of the other, no relationship will exist between the two. An agency can only arise by the will of both the parties. There are two kinds of agencies, which comprise of actual and apparent agencies [Carr v. Hunt, 651 S.W.2d 875] (US Legal, â€Å"Creation of Agency†). AUTHORITY It has been noted from the above discussion that the relationship between an agent and a principal, primarily forms an agency, where the former acts on behalf of the later. Both of them enter in a contract, which further ensures certain authoritative responsibilities and rights for both of them. The authority in an agency is divided into several types based on their characterizations. Primarily, the authority of an agent is his/her power to act on behalf of the

Has religious tourism increased because of the recent growth in new Essay

Has religious tourism increased because of the recent growth in new age spiritualism - Essay Example In the recent decades, people have been moving for leisure whereby faithful in a particular religion meet at a designated country or place for religious activities such as fellowship. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is one of the world’s popular religious tourism destinations for Muslims. They embark on pilgrimage annually, which is a tradition that is entrenched deeply in Islam. North America is also among the regions that have pronounced religious tourism. Faith tourism is among the sectors that are experiencing rapid growth in the contemporary tourism industry. Most of the religious tourist destinations are associated with pre-historic sites of worship or areas legendary for supernatural occurrences. The main religions associated with religious tourism include Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Judaism although there are many other minor religions that practice this form of religion. This paper evaluates whether religious tourism has increased because of the recent growth in new age spiritualism. It focuses on how religious tourism has evolved as well as whether pilgrimage has taken on a new meaning. It seeks to establish if people go to spiritual places because they are interested or because religion has seen a revival and people go for spiritual reasons. Pilgrimage dates back as far as the 16th century. The paper will address whether it is now done for different reasons or whether people still do it for the same reason as in the past. The World Tourism Organization estimates that more than 300 million people travel to key religious sites annually (World Tourism Organization, 2002). Since the industrial revolution, technological advancements made travelling all over the world simpler. Religions spread world wide and by the end of the 19th century, there was a marked increase in religious tourism that has grown to the present day. Communication technology has made it possible for people to exchange views and plan for meetings globally. The U.S.

Person Centred Approach for Depression

Person Centred Approach for Depression SOCIAL THEORIES FOR PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE A REFLECTIVE REPORT ON GROUP POSTER The main purpose of the report is to demonstrate an understanding social work theory for practice person-centred approach in relation to adults with depression; the target audience is social work students. According to Teater (2010:1) theory â€Å"helps to predict, explain and assess situations and behaviours, and provide a rationale for how the social worker should react and intervene.† Therefore social work theory for practice is defined â€Å"as a set of ideas used to guide practice and which are sufficiently coherent that they could if necessary, be made explicit in form which is open them to challenge.† Payne (1997:150) held the view that for a social work theory to be successful in achieving its result it required three elements, perspective, an explaining theory and a model. Teater (2010:4) emphasised that social workers may combine learning theory with social learning theory to work with a service user, as theory informs practice. Payne (2002:270) stated that â €Å"a theory cannot be evaluated only in relation to its ideas and effectiveness, because the ideas have a historical and social context and effectiveness is judged according to particular institutional requirements.† When my group met each group member gave suggestions of what theory they thought would be a good idea we decided to create a poster on Person-centred approach. The title of the poster was â€Å"A person-centred approach in relation to adults with depression: a guide for social work students. The purpose of developing this poster was to inform and educate social work students about Person-centred approach in a relation to adults dealing with depression. To have an understanding of my role and contribution to the group it is essential to review the process of how the team formed. The group formed not as a result of choice but as a result of random selection but with consideration of where we lived as this would make it easier to come together. The formation of the group made me realise that I did not have a choice in deciding who I would work with but despite that I was happy with my group and we worked well to complete the task at hand. The group was small and consisted of 4 people 3 females and 1 male and with different experience and educational background. A group can be defined in a many different ways which relate to function, membership for instance why people join and whether membership is voluntary and its goals and eventual purpose. Cartwright and Zander (1968) describes the group â€Å"as an aggregate of individuals standing in relations to each other, the relations exemplified will depend on or determine the kind of group, whether it is a family, an audience, a committee, union, or crowd†. Hogg et al (2005) defined a team as â€Å"a group of people organised to work interdependently or cooperatively to complete a specific or accomplish a purpose or goal†. On reflection it is essential to note that my group was a task centred one because it was purely set up in order to complete the task at hand. Basically the group had collectivism this relates to â€Å"a world view based on the idea that the group needs and goals are more important than any individual†. We worked to complete the task and went through Bruce Tuckman groups develop through five basic stages: Forming – apprehension, Storming – conflict, Norming – status and role attainment, performing – goal striving and accomplishment, Adjourning – disbanding or re-organizing (Thompson 2010: 92). No one had been nominated as leader but there were two definite leaders who took on the role of deciding what task each of us should do. This occurred as a result of the two feeling that they were going to take on more, we let them take the lead due to their willingness to undertake the greater part of the task. Despite this I managed to take charge when it came to the title and how information was displayed. Due to the lack of clear leadership this meant that we did not always meet up and there was no time to rehearse before presenting to the class. Each team member was given a task to complete but due to lack of clear roles and responsibilities and we got on to complete the task at hand. According to Thompson (2009:160) â€Å"good practice is based on partnership, team work and good communication amongst all members†. It was essential to create positive group dynamics as this would aid the relationship between the team members, as such the relationship had to be constructive as well as productive (Lafasto Larson 2001). Belbin (1996:64) stated â€Å"that an approach to human relationships in work groups, in which each individual has a defined role†. In this case there were two people that were the leaders and they were dominant in making decisions without consulting the rest of the team. In relation to team roles I took on the role of resource investigator Belbin (1981: 84) describes this as a person that is very optimistic. I endeavoured to relay my opinion in order to contribute and make corrections as expected by the group but to my work was disregarded in my absence. There are a number of issues that can affect a good group dynamic and for our team it was poor communication, different information would be passed on yet after meeting the other teams had done something differently. This factor I believe affected my performance and others as well. For instance we emailed each other what our ideas but the two leaders were negative towards my suggestions and the responded in a way that demonst rated decisions had been made already. Furthermore not all members received updates due to not being linked in so there was missed information, at the time of presenting suggestions on how it should be done were ignored this was annoying and evoked some strong emotions. Unfortunately it was late to resolve this issue I felt strongly that decisions were made without critical analysis and this was a direct result of lack of leadership. When we started to develop the poster we recognised that we had limited time, space and therefore we decided to develop a poster that was precise, concise and easy for the social work students and service users to understand. The purpose was to inform and provide an understanding of about the social theory for practice and also how well it works with service users. It was also essential for the design and colour scheme of the poster to be practical. According Fook et al (2007:54) states that â€Å"depending on visual workshops students or people are more likely to remember colourful presentations and are drawn to them†. The poster was good it described the social work theory for practice and was clear and precise on the subject matter, but despite this I felt that the poster should have been more about the social work theory for practice than the subject depression. The arrangement of information was sufficient considering the information that had to be gathered but it would have been better to have less information on the poster. The poster illustrated clearly that the service user was the expert of their own recovery and this in turn empowered them in making good choices, this evidently highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the person-centred therapy. Trevithick (2012: 91) emphasised that social workers should work with service users holistically in order to get a better understanding of their life. Service users and carers express that the most essential quality they would appreciate from social workers is understanding and patience. This I believe was as a result of the fact that social work theories and service policies vary in their assumptions on the nature of service users, their problems, society and role of social workers. Whittington et al (1995:27) states that â€Å"when a social worker makes sense of a problem or issue he or she also makes certain assumptions†. This is subjectivist philosophy and works with free will. It deals with insider’s view, self determining ways and human nature for instance dealing with the relationship that the client has with the social world around them (Stepney et al 2000). The poster did not illustrate the advantages of the usage on the therapist this was due to limited space and only focusing on the service user. For instance a therapist may not feel weighed down while working with a service user who is aware and more positive this will empower the therapist as well as the service user. Rowe and Llic (2009) stated that â€Å"posters are brilliant way of tran sferring knowledge and suitable form of educational publication†. He further emphasised that people are more likely to be drawn to visual elements of a poster than the subject or content and it was essential for the author to include their name in order to effectively convey the educational subject matter. As a student social worker I have to critically analyse and appraise the social work theories there are six critical criteria’s namely; Subjectivist- objectivist = philosophical position, Theories of society= provides an explanation, Research and research evidence= provides evidence and credibility to theories, Ethics and theories of social justice =provides understanding against the BASW codes of ethics and values, Service user and carers perspective=an insider perspective and Model of practice= theories are in context. There are six theories in social work practice namely psychodynamic theory, Social learning theory, Theory of moral reasoning, systems theory, conflict theory and theories of cognition. The person-Centred approach was adopted work of the psychologist Dr Carl Rogers (1902-1987),the approach was psychotherapy and counselling. He believed that â€Å"the basic nature of the human being, when functioning freely, is constructive and trustworthy†(Rogers 1961:94). The Person-centred approach (PCA) â€Å"is an emotional and psychological approach to the person a ‘way of being’, from which perception of self, reality and behaviour may be reorganized. Its underlying principles are â€Å"the primacy of the actualizing tendency, the assertion of the necessity and sufficiency of the therapeutic conditions and the realization on the part of the therapist – of a non-directive attitude† (Rogers 1947). According to Thorne (1991:36) â€Å"one of the limitations of person-centred approach resides not in the approach itself, but in the limitations of particular therapists and their ability or lack of it to offer their service users the required environment for transformation and development†. Thorne on the other hand unreservedly accepted that in his own experience, there are particular kinds of service users who are unlikely to be much helped by the approach. Furthermore Christopher (1996:22) concurred that â€Å"there are sincere attempts to understand our own motivations, theories, service users are best achieved through considered and critical dialogue and reflection.† Nevertheless person-centered approach is very relevant in social work practice and this approach as â€Å"a psychosocial approach takes into account that people have both inner worlds and outer realities but the way we perceive the world sometimes differs from the way others see it† (Coulshed Orme, 2012:108). Trevithick (2012:124) stated that â€Å"person-centred approach was a well researched psychological approach that is based psychoanalysis-Freud (1856-1939), behaviourism based on theories of Pavlov (1927), Watson(1970),Skinner (1974)etc and humanistic psychology Carl Rogers(1902-1987) and Maslow (1973).† An internet search on PsycINFO revealed 612 educational journals on person-centred therapy of these 411where peer reviewed journals the data was gathered from a range of groups, ages and genders. The bulk of the studies demonstrated that person-centred approach is essentially effective in getting results with service users to transform their lives. There is research evidence on the use of person-centred approach or therapy in mental health settings with adults, children and older people. It is essential to note that despite the fact that it has been used in cognitive behaviour therapy has also shown that it is a successful implement. There are a number of other approaches for instance pharmacological, psychodynamic and psychoanalytical evidence has shown that as a course of action it is short term but it is better to have intervention than non at all. The observed research, analysis as well as other types of research are vital in appraising the social work theory for practice. Orme e t al (2010:159) stated that â€Å"when one finds research or peer reviewed journals there are questions to be asked for instance who owns the research and what their objective is†. In conclusion the making of the poster was a new experience for me but helped provide clarity on group dynamics, theory of practice related to the poster and social work practice.â€Å"The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work.†(BASW 2012) APPENDIX 1 REFERENCES BASW 2012 Code of ethics Belbin, R, M. (1993) Team Roles at Work, Oxford; Heinemann Christopher, J.C. (1996) Counselors’ inescapable Moral visions Journal of Counseling and Development, 75, 17-24. Coulshed, V and Orme, J. (2006) Social work Practice, 4th Edition, and Palgrave Macmillan. Fook J and Gardner F (2007) Practising critical Reflection, A Resource Handbook, Open University Press. Healy, K. (2012) Social work methods and skills, the essential foundations of practice Palgrave Macmillan. Hogg, Micheal A, Vaughan, Graham, M. (2005) Social Psychology 4th Edition Pearson, Prentice Hall. Howe, D. (2009) A brief introduction to social work Theory.Basingstoke; Palgrave Macmillan. Orme J and Shemmings D (2010) Developing research based social work practice, Palgrave Macmillan. Payne, M. (1997) Modern social Work Theory, 2nd Edition, Basingstoke Macmillan Payne, M. (2005) Modern social Work Theory, 3rd Edition, Basingstoke Macmillan Rogers, C. R and Russell, D.E (2002) Carl Rogers: The Quiet Revolutionary – An Oral History. Roseville, CA: Penmarin Books Stepney P and Ford D (2000) Social Work Models, Methods and Theories, A framework for practice, Russell House Publishing. Stogdon C and Kiteley R (2010) Study skills for social workers, SAGE publications. Thompson N (2009) Understanding Social Work, 3rd edition, Palgrave Macmillan. Trevithick P (2012) Social Work Skills and Knowledge, a practice handbook, 3rd edition, Open University Press. Wilson K, Ruch G, Lymbery, M and Cooper A (2008) Social Work, An introduction to contemporary Practice, Ashford Colour Press Ltd.

Constructivism Learning Theory Essay

Constructivism learning theory is a philosophy which enhances students’ logical and conceptual growth. The underlying concept within the constructivism learning theory is the role which experiences-or connections with the adjoining atmosphere-play in student education. The constructivism learning theory argues that people produce knowledge and form meaning based upon their experiences. Two of the key concepts within the constructivism learning theory which create the construction of an individual’s new knowledge are accommodation and assimilation. Assimilating causes an individual to incorporate new experiences into the old experiences. This causes the individual to develop new outlooks, rethink what were once misunderstandings, and evaluate what is important, ultimately altering their perceptions. Accommodation, on the other hand, is reframing the world and new experiences into the mental capacity already present. Individuals conceive a particular fashion in which the world operates. When things do not operate within that context, they must accommodate and reframing the expectations with the outcomes. Bruner’s Theory on Constructivism Bruner’s theory on constructivism encompasses the idea of learning as an active process wherein those learning are able to form new ideas based on what their current knowledge is as well as their past knowledge. A cognitive structure is defined as the mental processes which offer the learner the ability to organize experiences and derive meaning from them. These cognitive structures allow the learner to push past the given information in constructing their new concepts. The learner, often a child, will take pieces of their past knowledge and experiences and organize them to make sense of what they know, then base further concepts and solve additional problems based upon a combination of what they already processed and what they think should be processed next. The teacher resources used should be focused on that of encouragement, aiding and allowing the student to uncover the main principles on their own. Communication between the learner and teacher is the key concept. Socratic learning is suggested as the best method of communication in this theoretical framework, as it allows the  teacher to actively note any study skills the learner verbalizes, their progression, their frustrations, and form a rubric of their current learning state based on the dialogue. Seeing as this theory takes known information and expounds upon it, any teacher lesson plans, teacher worksheets, or resources should in fact be constantly building the learner’s knowledge in a spiral manner. The four major principles of Bruner’s theory on constructivism encompass 1) a predilection toward learning. The second, how a grouping of knowledge is able to be constructed to best be understood by the learner. The third is effective manners for the teacher to present said material to the learner, with the fourth and final aspect being the progression of rewards as well as punishments. Piaget’s Theory of Constructivism Jean Piaget was a philosopher from Switzerland. He was also a natural scientist that was famous for the work that he did studying cognitive development and learning theories encompassed in his view of â€Å"genetic epistemology†. At the young age of eleven he attended high school at Switzerland Latin wherein one of his short pieces was the start of his scientific career. Piaget’s theory of constructivism impacts learning curriculum because teachers have to make a curriculum plan which enhances their students’ logical and conceptual growth. Teacher must put emphasis on the significant role that experiences-or connections with the adjoining atmosphere-play in student education. For example, teachers must bear in mind the role those fundamental concepts, such as the permanence of objects, plays when it comes to establishing cognitive structures. Piaget’s theory of constructivism argues that people produce knowledge and form meaning based upon their experience s. Piaget’s theory covered learning theories, teaching methods, and education reform. Two of the key components which create the construction of an individual’s new knowledge are accommodation and assimilation. Assimilating causes an individual to incorporate new experiences into the old experiences. This causes the individual to develop new outlooks, rethink what were once misunderstandings, and evaluate what is important, ultimately altering their perceptions. Accommodation, on the other hand, is reframing the world and new experiences into the mental  capacity already present. Individuals conceive a particular fashion in which the world operates. When things do not operate within that context, they must accommodate and reframing the expectations with the outcomes. Vygotsky’s Theory on Constructivism Lev S. Vygotsky believed that culture is the principal determinant of cognitive progress. In Vgostsky’s theory on constructivism, knowledge leads to further cognitive development. The societal configuration of intelligence states that the individual growth could not be comprehended without indication to the societal and cultural context where the aforementioned evolution is entrenched mind development is continuous. Vygotsky focuses on the actual mechanism of the development. He excludes discernible stages of development as theories and assumptions. Vygotsky’s theory on constructivism does not adhere to the idea that a single abstract principle is able to explain cognitive development. As a substitute to Piaget’s constructivism, he argues that knowledge is internalization of social activity. Mediation refers to people intentionally interject items between their environment and themselves, so that they are able to modify it and gain specific benefits. Mediation is the key propoent of Vygotsky’s theory of constructivism. His theory offers a harmonizing viewpoint to the behaviorist view. Vygotsky’s theory of constructivism supports that the use of mediators helps the human to alter their environment, and this is her way of interacting with the nature. Vygotsky’s theory of constructivism also supports that the use of activity mediators provides a way in which people are able to interact with the nature. Mediation is also defined as the use of certain tools within socially organized activity. There were two phenomena which encompasses the mediated relationship of individuals to their environment. These are 1) Humans use language and physical signs to change social relations into psychological functions between their minds and their environment. The second thing was that higher intellectual progression will actually use symbolic mediation. Apart from learning theories, Piaget’s theory of constructivism addresses how learning actually occurs, not focusing on what influences learning. The role  of teachers is very important. Instead of giving a lecture the teachers in this theory function as facilitators whose role is to aid the student when it comes to their own understanding. This takes away focus from the teacher and lecture and puts it upon the student and their learning. The resources and lesson plans that must be initiated for this learning theory take a very different approach toward traditional learning as well. Instead of telling, the teacher must begin asking. Instead of answering questions that only align with their curriculum, the facilitator in this case must make it so that the student comes to the conclusions on their own instead of being told. Also, teachers are continually in conversation with the students, creating the learning experience that is open to new directions depending upon the needs of the student as the learning progresses. Teachers following Piaget’s theory of constructivism must challenge the student by making them effective critical thinkers and not being merely a â€Å"teacher† but also a mentor, a consultant, and a coach. Some strategies for teacher include having students working together and aiding to answer one another’s questions. Another strategy includes designating one student as the â€Å"expert† on a subject and having them teach the class. Finally, allowing students to work in groups or pairs and research controversial topics which they must then present to the class. Jonassen (1994) proposed that there are eight characteristics that differentiate constructivist learning environments: 1. Constructivist learning environments provide multiple representations of reality. 2. Multiple representations avoid oversimplification and represent the complexity of the real world. 3. Constructivist learning environments emphasize knowledge construction inserted of knowledge reproduction. 4. Constructivist learning environments emphasize authentic tasks in a meaningful context rather than abstract instruction out of context. 5. Constructivist learning environments provide learning environments such as real-world settings or case-based learning instead of predetermined sequences of instruction. 6. Constructivist learning environments encourage thoughtful reflection on experience. 7. Constructivist learning environments†enable context- and content- dependent knowledge construction.† 8. Constructivist learning environments support  Ã¢â‚¬Å"collaborative construction of knowledge through social negotiation, not competition among learners for recognition.† Jonassen’s eight characteristics would be supported by both social and cognitive constructivists. There is, however, a difference in the emphasis these two strands on constructivism place on each of those characteristics.